共刺激分子

Sino biological offers a wide sel ection of tools for costimulation & costimulatory molecule related research.

These high-quality reagents include:

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B7/CD28家族

共刺激TNF超家族分子

SLAM家族

其它共刺激分子

共刺激分子背景综述

Full activation of naïve T cells requires at least two signals. The first signal is antigen displayed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the form of peptides bound to histocompatibility molecules; the recognition of antigen by T-cell receptors provides specificity to the response. The second signal, the co-stimulatory signal, is antigen nonspecific and is provided by molecules on APCs that engage particular costimulatory receptors on T cells. It stimulates T cells in conjunction with antigen. Therefore, costimulation is crucial to the development of an effective immune response of adaptive immunity. T cell costimulation is necessary for T cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Activation of T cells without costimulation may lead to T cell anergy, T cell deletion or the development of immune tolerance.

One of the best characterized costimulatory receptors expressed by T cells is CD28, which interacts with CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) on the membrane of APCs. CD28 is constitutively expressed on almost all T cells, and is the major costimulatory receptor for naive T cells. The costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 are expressed mainly on APCs, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. The expression of B7-1 and B7-2 on APCs is enhanced by the presence of microbes and by cytokines that are produced in response to microbes. This regulated expression of B7 costimulators ensures that T cells respond best only when necessary — that is, when faced with pathogens. The interaction of B7-1 and B7-2 with CD28, in concert with T-cell–receptor signaling, promotes the expansion of antigen-stimulated T cells and their differentiation into effector and memory cells. Another costimulatory receptor expressed by T cells is ICOS ( Inducible Costimulator) , which interacts with ICOS-L. Numerous costimulatory molecules have been identified playing a role in the initiation of immune responses by T and B lymphocytes. Activation of B cells requires CD40-CD40L interactions for proper antibody response: promoting survival, cytokine receptor expression, and inducing antibody class switch. Without this costimulation B cells cannot proliferate further.

Costimulation blockade has been developed as a specific field of interest towards achieving improved antigen specific control over transplant rejection while minimizing broad attenuation of protective immunity. This field has grown rapidly in the past decade and is now poised to become a valuable therapeutic option for transplant clinicians. Recent discoveries have highlighted the duality of costimulatory molecules: they can be either stimulatory (costimulation) or inhibitory (coinhibition). It has been discovered that the various aspects of immune dysfunction seen in cancer are involved with the presence of coinhibitory (ex: PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, BTLA) and costimulatory (ex: CD28, ICOS, 4-1BB, CD40, OX40, CD27) signaling.

共刺激分子参考文献